Readers are advised that all web pages listed under the REFRACTION section have been completed.

See our web page titled, Refraction Overview.

As stated in the above overview, the purpose of the REFRACTION section is to (a) present to the reader, the underlying rationale for (spheroidal earth) geodesists using (alleged) tropo[spheric] refraction to explain (in many cases) the visibilty of subjects of observation that should otherwise be below the horizon (i.e., below and normal to the observer’s horizon line of sight), and (b) give the benefit of the doubt to the spheroidal earth paradigm by allowing readers to assume the impact of maximum tropo[spheric] refraction on their field observation calculations.¹

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